Kanuma is observed on January 15 — the day after Makara Sankranti — and is one of the most uniquely Telugu expressions of gratitude in the three-day festival season. Where Sankranti celebrates the harvest and Bhogi burns the old, Kanuma turns attention to the animals that made the harvest possible: the cattle, buffaloes, and bullocks that plough the fields, carry the loads, and form the backbone of traditional agriculture. It is a day of thanksgiving from the farmer to the animal.

How the Cattle Are Honoured

On Kanuma morning, cattle are washed and bathed before dawn, their horns painted with bright colours (red, yellow, and blue), garlands of marigold and mango leaves hung around their necks, and their foreheads marked with kumkum and turmeric. Farmers worship their animals with camphor, incense, and special feed — a mixture of jaggery, sesame, and rice. The cattle are then taken on a ceremonial walk through the village or neighbourhood. In rural areas, cows and bulls are decorated so elaborately that the procession becomes a festival spectacle in itself.

Cock Fights and Community Celebrations

Kanuma is also traditionally associated with Kodi Pandalu (cock fights), which have been a part of Telugu rural culture for centuries. Though increasingly regulated, the tradition persists in many areas as a competitive community sport. Families gather, bets are placed, and the entire village participates in what is essentially a social carnival. Alongside cock fights, there are bullock cart races, traditional games, and community feasts. The combination makes Kanuma a full-day outdoor celebration unlike any other in the Telugu calendar.

The Message of Kanuma

At its heart, Kanuma embodies a philosophy of gratitude toward all living beings that support human life. In an era when mechanised farming is replacing the bullock, the festival is also a reminder of the bond between farmer and animal that sustained Telugu civilisation for centuries. Many urban families who have moved away from farming still observe a symbolic Kanuma puja — visiting a nearby farm or temple that keeps sacred cattle, offering jaggery and coconut, and acknowledging the debt owed to the creatures that carry the harvest.